The symptoms of common hand problems include lumps, deformities, loss of function, pain and sensory disturbances such as numbness or pins and needles. This article gives a brief overview of the most common hand disorders categorised according to the typical symptoms.

Shoulder pain is a common problem. Shoulder pain is commonly labeled ‘frozen shoulder’. But what is ‘frozen shoulder’? Is shoulder pain always frozen shoulders or are there other shoulder problems? How do we recognise a ‘true’ frozen shoulder? What is the treatment?

Degenerative lumbar scoliosis is a side deviation of the spine that is common in the elderly population. The article will cover the the scoliosis's types, symptoms, and causes. As well as treatment options between non-surgical and surgical.

What is Acetabular Dysplasia? Acetabular dysplasia is a condition in which the socket of the hip joint is too shallow, or facing the wrong way. It is part of the condition known as ‘Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip’ (DDH), which was previously known as ‘Congenital Dislocation of the Hip’ (CDH)...

ACL is the ‘Anterior Cruciate Ligament’ which is a vital part of the system that controls the complex gliding and bending movement of the knee which allow people to do everything from walking slowly to ballet and gymnastics, most ACL injuries are ‘noncontact’...

Ankle injuries are one of the most common sport related injury, from several different studies, it accounts from 11.2-20.8% 1 in different types of sports.

Idiopathic scoliosis accounts for 80-85 % of cases. The spine is normal at birth but develops a deformity in childhood. It can occur in toddlers and young children, but the majority of cases occur from age 10 to 15. Two to three percent of adolescents have scoliosis. Boy and girls are equally affected by small curves, but girls are eight times more likely to develop progressive curves.

Fractures of the collar bone (clavicle) are common and seen in all age groups. Most are due to a fall onto the shoulder. Clavicle fractures are divided into medial, mid-shaft and lateral fractures, in which mid-shaft are the most common (80%)...

Femoro-Acetabular Impingement (FAI) is a condition in which the two bones which make up the hip joint pinch against each other, or ‘impinge’, at the extremes of motion, causing damage to the joint...

Articular cartilage is the white shiny covering over the ends of the bones in a joint – it is the substance which makes a joint a joint, rather than two pieces of bone rubbing together. Articular cartilage has unique mechanical properties, being very low friction, highly shock absorbing, an

Ankle injuries are common. Sprains are best treated by physiotherapy. Severe sprains may benefit from about 10 days with a cast. Minor (undisplaced) ankle fractures (breaks) can usually be treated with a cast/aircast. More severe fractures require operation to fix the fractures.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel. The main symptoms are pain, numbness, and tingling, in the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the thumb side of the ring fingers.

Dupuytren's contracture (also known as Viking disease, Celtic hand, Morbus dupuytren) is deformity condition that the fingers (in most cases, the little or ring finger ) bent in a flexion position permanently. This condition is a disorder of the connective tissue.

The rotator cuff is the joined-up of tendon of four of the muscles which move the shoulder, mainly to control the stability and coordinated movement of the shoulder joint. Tears can vary hugely in severity from small partial thickness tears which may not cause any problems...

Slipped disc' is a colloquial term for a burst (or prolapse or herniation) of the intervertebral disc. The term herniated disc is interchangable. This is much like a jam doughnut bursting and the jam coming out. From early adulthood, the annulus fibrosus becomes weaker [1]. As a result, the interv

Usually patients complain of pain in one or both buttocks after sport. With time the pain becomes more constant, and it often becomes uncomfortable to sit. This article explains the diagnosis and different treatment options on proximal hamstring tendinopathies.

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is a chronic, degenerative, joint disease that affects mostly middle-aged and older adults. It is characterised by the breakdown of joint cartilage and adjacent bone...

Hallux Rigidus is describing the degeneration of the joint at the base of the big toe – called metatarsophalangeal, or MTP joint. It is the most common site of arthritis in the foot region. It is usually develops in adults at the ages between 30 and 60 years...

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcome questionnaire, Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-30, has been well received since its establishment in 2003. Literatures from Asia on the use of SRS-30 mainly focused on the translation process and validation process, but not on measuring outcomes, parti

Tennis elbow is a painful condition on the outside of your elbow. The correct clinical name is Lateral Epicondylitis. It is caused by repeat overload of the forearm extensor muscles and tendons, leading to muscle micro-tears, inflammation, and pain.

Shoulder dislocation is one of the most common shoulder injuries in which your upper arm bone pops out of the cup-shaped socket that's part of your shoulder blade.

Accurate diagnosis of back pain isn’t always easy. The human spine is very complex, so it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of low back pain or other symptoms...

Arthritis is one of the most common causes of pain in the hip and various treatments are available for patients at difference stages. Patients who experience light pain are suggested to do physiotherapy. When the pain gets worse, injections might be required...

Biological Knee Replacement (BKR) involves repairing a badly damaged knee with natural tissues instead of replacing the entire knee with a metal and plastic Total Knee Replacement (TKR)...

A sprain is a tear of a ligament. Ligament tears can vary from very minor - a few fibres stretched - to complete tears of the entire ligament. The most common type of sprain is a lateral ankle sprain, where the ligaments on the outer part of the ankle joint are sprained...

Scoliosis is a form of twisting of the spine. The term scoliosis is from the Ancient Greek term for ‘bending’. The medical term scoliosis is used to describe sideways bending, although the deformity is usually twisting of the spine in three dimensions.

The ‘intervertebral discs’ are the shock absorbers between the bones of the spine. Unfortunately, they often degenerate – tearing, bursting, or just wearing out...

This provides information to patients on 'high' hamstring tendon ‘tears’ or ‘bone avulsions’, but not ‘tendinitis’ or ‘tendinopathy’. A ‘tear’ in this context usually means the tendon tears away from the bone. Sometimes the tendon pulls a piece of bone away, instead of tearing away from the bone...

Irreparable major meniscal tears pose a very difficult problem in the young and active patients who sustain these kinds of injuries. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy, the most commonly used treatment option for meniscus tear creates substantial number of patients suffering the effect of...

Achilles tendinopathy refers to diseases of the Achilles tendon, which often caused by degenerative problems with combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This article will focus on non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy...

Sacroiliac (SI) joint pain is a challenging condition affecting 15% to 25% of patients with axial low back pain, for which there is no standard long-term treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that historical and physical examination findings and radiological imaging are insufficient...

What is the Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine? The Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) is a piece of bone just above the hip joint, which is the attachment of part of the rectus femoris muscle, one of the quadriceps muscles of the front of the thigh...

The menisci are two rubbery crescent moon shaped flat pieces of cartilage in each knee. The English colloquial term is ‘cartilage’, which can be confusing because the knee also contains articular cartilage...

There are numerous surgical treatment methods to foot & ankle illnesses, but many of them are replaced by minimally invasive surgery (MIS), for example, Percutaneous Distal Chevron Osteotomy to treat hallux valgus, Percutaneous Cheilectomy for hallux rigidus...

Lumbar spinal stenosis most commonly causes cramping, pain or pins & needles in one’s legs; but it can also cause: back pain; loss of sensation in the legs; and sometimes problems with bladder or bowel function.

Anterior Knee Pain – or pain at the kneecap - is a very common complaint. Most anterior knee pain is from the joint between the kneecap (patella) and the thigh bone (femur), known as the patellofemoral joint. This article looks at the assessment and treatment options of anterior knee pain.

Ankle injuries are one of the most common sports injuries, accounting for 10-20% of injuries in different sports. Ankle injuries can be divided into: soft tissue (ligamentous/joint capsule) injury, bone injury (fracture/contusion), or combined. Soft tissue injuries (ankle sprain) are...

Cervical disc hernia with spinal cord or nerve root compression is a common disease. It is common in younger population including those without special risk factors. Surgical treatment has good outcomes if conservative treatment fail...

Hip Arthritis treatment options consist of 4 stages. The first 3 stages in most are temporary solution to buy time for Hip replacement which would be the permanent solution for Hip Arthritis

Hallux valgus is the medical term for “bunions”, which refers to the abnormal angulation of the big toe towards the second toe.

The femur is the thigh bone. The term ‘osteotomy’ means ‘cutting a bone’. Femoral osteotomy is an operation to correct the anatomy by cutting the thigh bone and repositioning it. If the acetabulum, or socket of the hip joint is also incorrectly angled or twisted, this would be cut and corrected at t

A Piriformis Syndrome is a buttock pain condition arising from Piriformis muscle and sciatica owing to compression of the Sciatic nerve by the Piriformis muscle

Chronic ankle instability is the feeling that the ankle is “weak” or “loose” or “gives out” or feels “unstable”. It is a common problem following an ankle sprain: up to 40% of people who badly sprain an ankle go on to have repeat sprains, and symptoms of instability.